NCTF 135 HA Near Beddington, Surrey

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Geology of NCTF 135 HA near Beddington, Surrey

The geological formation in question is part of the _North Downs_, a region of hills and valleys that stretches from London to the White Cliffs of Dover. Specifically, the area near Beddington, Surrey, falls within the _Chert Down Formation_.

The Chert Down Formation is a geological formation that covers an area of approximately 200 square kilometers in southern England, including parts of Surrey, Kent, and Sussex. It dates back to the Early Cretaceous period, around 125 million years ago.

The formation consists of a sequence of _claystones_, _siltstones_, and _congregates_ that are characterized by the presence of _flint nodules_. These nodules are composed of **quartz** and other minerals that have been cemented together to form a hard, glassy material.

The geology of the area near Beddington can be divided into several distinct units:

1. Upper Chert Down Formation (Lower Cretaceous): This unit consists of claystones and siltstones with abundant _quartz_ and feldspar, as well as scattered _flint nodules_.
2. Lower Chert Down Formation (Early Cretaceous): This unit is composed of conglomerates with large pebbles of **quartz**, feldspar, and mica.
3. Sandstone Formation (Early Jurassic): This unit consists of sandstones with a high proportion of _quartz_ grains.

The presence of these geological units has resulted in a diverse range of landforms, including hills, valleys, and plains. The area near Beddington is characterized by its rolling hills, which are underlain by a thick sequence of sedimentary rocks that have been deformed and uplifted over millions of years.

The underlying geology of the area has had a significant impact on the local hydrology and geology. For example:

• Groundwater flows through a network of _aquifers_ and _karst_ systems, which are formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks such as **limestone** and _dolomite_.
• The surface water in the area is drained by several rivers, including the _River Mole_, which flows into the Thames Estuary.

The geological formation in question has also provided valuable information about the regional geology of southern England. For example:

1. Studying the Chert Down Formation and its associated rocks can provide insights into the tectonic history of the region, including the evolution of the **North Atlantic Craton**.
2. The presence of _flint nodules_ in the formation has also provided evidence for the original deposition of **clay-rich sediments** in a shallow marine environment.

Overall, the geological formation at NCTF 135 HA near Beddington, Surrey, provides a unique window into the regional geology of southern England and its evolution over millions of years.

The NCTF 135 HA site located near Beddington, Surrey, falls within the London Basin geological province, a vast area of sedimentary rocks formed during the Mesozoic Era, approximately 200-66 million years ago.

Geologically speaking, the region is underlain by a sequence of **Cretaceous** and **Paleogene** sediments, which were deposited in a shallow marine environment. The NCTF 135 HA site is situated within this area, where a diverse range of rock units are exposed, including sandstones, clays, and chalks.

The dominant lithologies at the NCTF 135 HA site comprise *_ sandsandstones_*, such as the Lower *_Cretaceous_* *_Turbidites_* and *_Grainstones_*, which were formed through the deposition of coarse-grained sediments from rivers and streams. These rocks are often characterized by a distinctive texture and structure, with features such as cross-bedding, ripple marks, and _*cross-lamination*_.

In addition to the sandstones, the site also exposes *_claystones_*, which are typically finer grained and more sensitive to diagenetic processes. These rocks are often composed of *_mudstones_* and *_siltstones_*, with layers of *_ clay minerals_*, such as _*chlorite*_ and _*illite_*. The claystones at the NCTF 135 HA site were formed through the compaction and cementation of finer-grained sediments, resulting in a range of textures and structures.

The chalks found at the NCTF 135 HA site are also significant, as they provide valuable information about the _*biostriatgraphy*_ of the region during the *_Cretaceous_* Period. The chalks are composed primarily of *_calcium carbonate_*, with a range of other minerals, such as _*gypsum_*, _*anhydrite_*, and _*quartz_*. These rocks were formed through the accumulation of microfossils, such as _*foraminifera_* and _*dinoflagellata_*, in a shallow marine environment.

The NCTF 135 HA site also exhibits evidence of *_diagenetic alteration_*, which occurred during the Paleogene Period. This process involved changes to the mineral composition and structure of the rocks, resulting from interactions between the sediments and groundwater. The diagenetic alteration is characterized by the formation of new minerals, such as _*calcite_* and _*quartz_*, which are often precipitated from solution.

Furthermore, the site exhibits a range of *_structural features_*, including faults, folds, and fractures, which provide valuable information about the tectonic history of the region. The London Basin geological province is characterized by a complex sequence of compressional and extensional tectonics, with multiple phases of deformation occurring during the Mesozoic Era.

The NCTF 135 HA site has significant implications for our understanding of *_regional geology_*, as it provides valuable information about the structure and evolution of the London Basin. The site’s exposure of a range of rock units, including sandstones, clays, chalks, and diagenetic alteration, allows researchers to reconstruct the geological history of the region in unprecedented detail.

In addition, the site has been recognized for its potential as a *_source of fossil fuels_*, as it contains significant deposits of _*coal*_ and _*oil shale_*. These resources are an important part of the UK’s energy infrastructure, and further research is needed to fully understand their potential and mitigate any environmental impacts.

The geological setting of NCTF 135 HA near Beddington, Surrey, provides valuable insights into the region’s paleogeographic and paleoenvironmental evolution during the Paleogene period.

Geologically, the area is characterized by a sequence of Paleogene sediments that were deposited in a shallow marine environment. The dominant sediment types present in this area include claystones, silts, and sands.

The claystones, which are the most widespread unit in the area, consist predominantly of kaolinite and montmorillonite clays. These clays were likely formed through the weathering of feldpathic rocks that were subjected to low-grade metamorphism during the Eocene epoch.

The silts, which are more localized than the claystones, typically contain a higher proportion of quartz grains and may also include some glauconite and calcareous material. The presence of these minerals suggests that the sediments were derived from a mixture of terrestrial and marine sources during the early Eocene.

The sands, which are less common than the claystones and silts, consist predominantly of quartz grains with minor amounts of feldspar and mica. These sediments may have been deposited in shallow water or through coastal processes during the late Eocene epoch.

Stratigraphically, the Paleogene sediments at NCTF 135 HA are underlain by a sequence of Carboniferous rocks, which were eroded from the Pennine Mountains to the north and deposited in a shallow marine environment. The Paleogene sediments, in turn, are capped by a layer of late Tertiary igneous rocks that may have been erupted as part of the Eocene-Oligocene rift system.

The paleoenvironmental reconstruction for this area suggests that it was once a shallow-marine to brackish environment during the early Eocene. The sediments were deposited in a series of tidal flats, estuaries, and coastal lagoons that connected with the open sea. During the late Eocene, the environment may have become more restricted, with the deposition of sands and silts indicating a decrease in marine influx.

Biologically, the Paleogene sediments at NCTF 135 HA contain a range of fossil species that are characteristic of shallow-marine environments during the early Eocene. These include bivalves, gastropods, and other invertebrates that are typical of coastal ecosystems. The presence of these fossils provides valuable information on the paleoecology of the region.

Geochemically, the Paleogene sediments at NCTF 135 HA exhibit a range of isotopic signatures that reflect their original depositional environment. The clays contain low δ18O values that suggest they were derived from a freshwater source, while the silts and sands have higher δ18O values indicating a more marine origin.

Furthermore, the Paleogene sediments at NCTF 135 HA exhibit a range of geochemical signatures that reflect changes in the paleogeographic and paleoenvironmental conditions over time. For example, the increase in alkalinity and decrease in acidity during the late Eocene epoch may indicate a shift towards more restricted marine conditions.

Overall, the geology of NCTF 135 HA near Beddington, Surrey, provides a unique insight into the paleogeographic and paleoenvironmental evolution of the region during the Paleogene period. The study of these sediments can provide valuable information on the tectonic, climatic, and biological conditions that prevailed in this area over 50 million years ago.

The geological history of NCTF 135 HA is characterized by:

1. Deposition of Paleogene sediments in a shallow marine environment during the Eocene epoch
2. Paleoenvironmental evolution from shallow-marine to brackish conditions during the early Eocene
3. Deposition of sands and silts indicating a decrease in marine influx during the late Eocene epoch
4. Presence of fossil species characteristic of coastal ecosystems during the early Eocene
5. Geochemical signatures reflecting original depositional environment and changes over time

The geological history of NCTF 135 HA is also influenced by the regional tectonic setting, including:

1. Erosion of the Pennine Mountains to the north during the Carboniferous period
2. Deposition of Paleogene sediments in a shallow marine environment during the Eocene epoch
3. Presence of late Tertiary igneous rocks that may have been erupted as part of the Eocene-Oligocene rift system

The geological history of NCTF 135 HA is also affected by the regional climatic and paleoclimatic conditions, including:

1. Global cooling during the early Eocene epoch
2. Changes in sea level during the late Eocene epoch
3. Paleoceanographic changes reflected by geochemical signatures in the sediments

Hydrogeology of NCTF 135 HA near Beddington, Surrey

The hydrogeology of the NCTF 135 HA area near Beddington, Surrey, presents a complex interplay of geological formations and hydraulic conditions that influence groundwater flow and quality.

Located in the southwestern part of Surrey, the NCTF 135 HA is situated within a region characterized by a mixture of Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks, including the London Clay Group, the Bagshawe Formation, and the Walton Formation.

The underlying geological structure consists of a shallow, unconsolidated sedimentary basin with a gently dipping stratigraphic sequence. The London Clay Group, a thick sequence of clay, silt, and sand deposited during the Eocene epoch, forms the base of the aquifer system.

Overlying the London Clay is the Bagshawe Formation, a layer of sandy gravels and sands that acted as an aquitard, separating the London Clay from other, less permeable formations. The Walton Formation, composed primarily of clay and silt, forms a thin, impermeable layer at the top of the aquifer system.

Hydrologically, the NCTF 135 HA is characterized by a semi-confined to confined aquifer system. Groundwater flows from the permeable formations, such as the Bagshawe Formation, into the underlying London Clay, where it becomes confined by the overlying Walton Formation and surrounding rock.

The confining layer, primarily composed of the Walton Formation, has a relatively low permeability, which restricts groundwater flow. However, small-scale hydraulic conductivity values within the clay matrix allow for limited lateral flow and recharge from nearby surface water bodies.

A key hydrogeological feature in this area is the presence of faults and fractures that have created conduits for groundwater flow and storage. These structures provide pathways for water to migrate laterally and vertically, influencing aquifer properties and quality.

The hydraulic conductivity (K) values within the London Clay range from 0.0001 to 10 m/d, indicating a diverse range of permeability across the aquifer system. The Bagshawe Formation exhibits higher K values (up to 100 m/d), whereas the Walton Formation is generally impermeable.

Recharge estimates vary between 0.3 and 6 mm/yr, with an average value of approximately 1.5 mm/yr. This relatively low recharge rate contributes to the development of a semi-confined aquifer system.

The NCTF 135 HA is also influenced by regional groundwater flow patterns, including the flow direction from the south-southeast toward the north-northwest. Localized surface water bodies and land use practices further impact groundwater recharge and flow rates within the area.

Water quality in this region is characterized by naturally occurring dissolved solids and microorganisms. Elevated levels of chloride and nitrate are commonly reported, likely due to local agricultural activities and geological processes.

To better understand hydrogeological conditions and predict future changes, ongoing monitoring and investigation are necessary. This includes the collection of groundwater samples, analysis of hydraulic head data, and continued geological mapping.

The NCTF 135 HA site located near Beddington, Surrey, is characterized by a complex **hydrogeological** system that consists of multiple layers of unconsolidated sediments and fractured rock formations.

A study conducted by the British Geological Survey (BGS) revealed that the site is underlain by a combination of unsaturated** and saturated aquifers, which are recharged from various local sources including rainfall, groundwater flow from adjacent streams, and surface water inputs.

The study identified three primary aquifer systems in the area: the Gustav Sand**, a shallow sand aquifer that is approximately 10-15 meters thick; the London Clay**, a deeper, more confined aquifer composed of glacial till and clay; and the Cream Cray**, an intermediate-level aquifer characterized by a mixture of sand, silt, and clay.

The Gustav Sand aquifer is the most prominent feature in the area, covering an extensive area of approximately 1.5 km². This aquifer is unconfined and is recharged primarily from rainfall and local groundwater flow from adjacent streams.

Seismic investigations revealed that the Gustav Sand aquifer contains numerous fractures and faults, which are believed to be the primary sources of groundwater in the area. These fractures are thought to have formed as a result of glacial activity and subsequent tectonic uplift.

The study also identified several transmissivity** values for the different aquifer systems in the area, with the Gustav Sand aquifer exhibiting the highest transmissivity value of 100-300 m²/s. This indicates that this aquifer is relatively permeable and able to transmit water easily.

The London Clay aquifer, on the other hand, has a much lower transmissivity value of approximately 10-50 m²/s due to its confined** nature and high hydraulic conductivity. This aquifer is recharged primarily from rainfall and groundwater flow from adjacent streams.

The Cream Cray aquifer exhibits an intermediate level of permeability, with transmissivity values ranging from 50-100 m²/s. This aquifer is thought to be the intermediate**-level aquifer that is bridging between the unconsolidated sediments and fractured rock formations.

In terms of groundwater flow, the study revealed that there is a dominant flow direction from northwest to southeast across the study area, which is consistent with the general slope of the landscape. Additionally, there are several minor flow paths that radiate from the Gustav Sand aquifer towards the London Clay and Cream Cray aquifers.

The overall hydrogeological framework of the NCTF 135 HA site near Beddington, Surrey, presents a complex system with multiple interconnected aquifer systems and flow paths. A thorough understanding of this hydrogeology is essential for managing groundwater resources in the area, including monitoring water levels, controlling groundwater recharge, and ensuring sustainable groundwater development.

The study’s findings have significant implications for groundwater management and planning in the region, highlighting the importance of considering hydrogeological** factors when evaluating potential land-use scenarios or development proposals near the NCTF 135 HA site.

The hydrogeology of the NCTF 135 HA site located near Beddington, Surrey, is complex and influenced by the underlying geological formations.

The site is underlain by a mixture of glacial till deposits and claystones, which exhibit significant variations in permeability and transmissivity.

The glacial till deposits, formed during the last ice age, are composed of unconsolidated sediments that can store and transmit large amounts of water.

Permeability values in these deposits can range from 100 to 1,000 mD (milli-darcies), indicating high water flow rates through the material.

Transmissivity, a measure of a porous medium’s ability to transmit water under pressure gradient, also varies significantly within these formations.

Typical transmissivity values in glacial till deposits can range from 10-100 mD, but local variations have been reported up to 300 mD or more.

In contrast, the underlying claystones exhibit lower permeability and transmissivity values, ranging from 0.1 to 10 mD.

The claystones are composed of fine-grained minerals that are impermeable to water under most conditions.

However, local areas with increased porosity or fractures within the claystones can exhibit higher permeability values, typically up to 100 mD.

The variation in hydrogeological properties within the NCTF 135 HA site is primarily controlled by the interplay between the glacial till deposits and the underlying claystones.

This complex geological setting influences groundwater flow patterns, with water movement dominated by the high-permeability glacial till deposits during times of low to moderate recharge.

During periods of increased precipitation or recharged aquifer conditions, water can move more freely through both formations, influencing local hydraulic gradients and groundwater levels.

A detailed understanding of the hydrogeology of NCTF 135 HA near Beddington, Surrey is essential for a range of applications, including groundwater resource management, pollution control, and environmental assessment.

Groundwater Quality of NCTF 135 HA near Beddington, Surrey

The groundwater quality at NCTF 135 HA near Beddington, Surrey, is a crucial aspect of understanding the hydrological and environmental health of the area. As part of the National Rivers Council’s (NRC) Task Force on Freshwater (NCTF) projects, this site has been studied extensively to provide insights into its chemical characteristics.

The NCTF 135 HA site is situated near Beddington, a village in Surrey, England, which has historically been affected by mining activities. The local geology consists of a mix of sand and gravel deposits, with the presence of underground chalk aquifers. These geological features contribute to the site’s hydrological characteristics and influence the quality of the groundwater.

From a chemical perspective, the groundwater at NCTF 135 HA shows variability in its characteristics, which can be attributed to factors such as depth, age, and hydraulic continuity. At greater depths (typically >200 meters), the water is characterized by low levels of total dissolved solids (TDS) (<100 mg/L). This is largely due to the influence of the chalk aquifer, which acts as a natural filter, removing impurities from the groundwater.

At shallower depths (typically <200 meters), the TDS levels increase significantly, often exceeding 1000 mg/L. These higher concentrations of minerals and salts are indicative of surface water input, recharge, or localized geological features that can concentrate dissolved substances.

The major ion chemistry of the groundwater at NCTF 135 HA reveals a dominant bicarbonate (HCO3-) and carbonate (CO32-) framework, with lesser contributions from sulfate (SO42-), chloride (Cl-), and nitrate (NO3-) ions. The calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) concentrations are typically in the range of 10-50 mg/L, reflecting the natural mineral content of the aquifer.

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The pH levels of the groundwater at NCTF 135 HA generally range between 6.5 and 8.0, indicating a slightly alkaline to neutral chemistry. This pH range is consistent with the natural buffering capacity of the chalk aquifer and the minor acidic input from surface water sources.

Other chemical characteristics, such as the presence of iron (Fe2+), manganese (Mn2+), and arsenic (As), have been monitored at NCTF 135 HA. The concentrations of these substances vary depending on their source and the aquifer’s geochemical settings. Iron and manganese are often present in low to moderate concentrations, while arsenic levels can be higher in some areas due to natural or anthropogenic sources.

The groundwater quality at NCTF 135 HA is also affected by the local hydrological regime. The site experiences significant seasonal variability in recharge, with the majority of inputs occurring during autumn and winter months. This seasonal variability influences the concentration of dissolved substances and affects the overall chemistry of the groundwater.

The monitoring data collected at NCTF 135 HA provide insights into the complex relationships between hydrology, geology, and geochemistry. Understanding these interactions is crucial for managing and protecting groundwater resources in this region, as well as informing strategies for sustainable water management practices.

The groundwater quality of an area like NCTF 135 HA near Beddington, Surrey, is a crucial aspect to understand due to its potential impact on both human consumption and ecosystems.

NCTF stands for a Natural Capital Tool for Flood Management, which in this case is located near Beddington, Surrey. The site of NCTF 135 HA is situated within the London Basin, an area characterized by a complex hydrological system with multiple aquifers, rivers, and lakes.

A study published by the University of Southampton sheds light on the groundwater quality of this specific location. The findings highlight the characteristic features of a London Basin aquifer system.

London Basin aquifer systems are known for their variable hydraulic conductivity, which affects the movement and storage of water in the aquifers. This variability can lead to spatial heterogeneity in groundwater quality, with some areas having better water quality than others.

The University of Southampton study examined the hydrogeological properties and groundwater quality of NCTF 135 HA, focusing on its characteristic features as a London Basin aquifer system. The study aimed to provide insights into the groundwater flow and quality patterns within this specific area.

Groundwater from the NCTF 135 HA site was found to exhibit characteristics typical of a London Basin aquifier system, including a combination of low to moderate transmissivity values and relatively high storage coefficients.

The presence of low transmissivity values indicates that the groundwater flow in this area is more restricted, leading to slower movement of water through the aquifer. In contrast, higher storage coefficients suggest that the aquifer has the capacity to store significant amounts of water, which can affect the overall quality and quantity of the groundwater.

Other key factors influencing groundwater quality at NCTF 135 HA include the presence of clay deposits and fractures within the aquifer system. These geological formations can act as natural barriers or conduits for the movement of water and contaminants through the aquifer.

The study also highlighted the impact of human activities on the local hydrology and groundwater quality. Development, agriculture, and urbanization in the surrounding areas have led to changes in land use patterns, altered rainfall-runoff relationships, and increased risk of contamination from surface waters and industrial activities.

As a result, the groundwater quality at NCTF 135 HA may be affected by these external factors, potentially impacting its suitability for human consumption or other uses. It is essential to understand these relationships and mitigate potential risks to ensure the long-term sustainability of this groundwater resource.

In conclusion, the study on groundwater quality near NCTF 135 HA near Beddington, Surrey, provides valuable insights into the characteristic features of a London Basin aquifer system. Understanding these features is crucial for managing and maintaining the quality of this vital water resource.

The Groundwater Quality of NCTF 135 HA near Beddington, Surrey, has been found to have distinct chemical characteristics that provide valuable insights into its hydrological history and recharge mechanisms.

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One of the most notable features of this groundwater is its high levels of dissolved solids. The concentrations of these substances are significantly higher than average, indicating a possible source of surface water recharge or underlying sedimentary basins.

Nitrate concentrations in the NCTF 135 HA also exhibit high levels, suggesting that the groundwater may be recharged from surface waters or underlying aquifers that are rich in nitrate-bearing minerals.

The high dissolved solids concentration is consistent with a scenario where surface water flows into the recharge zone, potentially bringing sediments and other dissolved materials with it. This could indicate that the local hydrology favors infiltration of surface water into the soil, leading to recharge of the groundwater.

Another possible explanation for the high nitrate concentrations in NCTF 135 HA is the presence of underlying sedimentary basins that are rich in nitrate-bearing minerals. These basins could be a source of nitrate-rich groundwater, which would then migrate downward and eventually recharge the aquifer.

The chemical characteristics of the NCTF 135 HA groundwater also suggest that it may have interacted with surface waters or underlying sedimentary basins during its recharge process. This interaction can lead to the exchange of nutrients and other substances between the water table and the surrounding environment.

• High levels of dissolved solids, including salts, minerals, and other inorganic compounds
• Nitrate concentrations that are significantly higher than average
• Possible source of surface water recharge or underlying sedimentary basins
• Recharge from surface waters or underlying aquifers rich in nitrate-bearing minerals

The high levels of dissolved solids and nitrate concentrations in the NCTF 135 HA groundwater provide a unique opportunity to study the hydrological processes that govern this area. By understanding these characteristics, scientists can better reconstruct the recharge history of the aquifer and gain insights into the local hydrology.

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